Giant-impact driven redox processes in the atmosphere and magma ocean may have played crucial roles during the evolution of the Earth. However, the absence of rock records from the time or era makes ...

Direct reduction of iron oxide using hydrogen offers a sustainable route to lower carbon emissions in steelmaking. Although iron oxide feedstocks consist of polycrystalline pellets, the influence of ...

Two records of Earth history capture the evolution of life and its co-evolving ecosystems with interpretable fidelity: the geobiological and geochemical traces preserved in rocks and the evolutionary ...