Background A 59-year-old man was admitted to hospital for investigation of a 1-year history of intermittent hematuria. He had undergone ileal ureteral replacement for left renal stones 36 years ...

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is an efficient, minimally-invasive, gold standard procedure used for removing large kidney stones. Creating an access from the skin on the back to the ...

Renal stones are hard masses that form from crystals in urine. They range in size from small gravel-like stones to large stones that extend into more than one calyx (staghorn calculi). Although kidney ...